Introduction to Ancient Stone Debitage

Debitage,  pronounced in English roughly DEB-ih-tahzhs, is an artifact type, the collective term used by archaeologists to refer to the sharp-edged waste material left over when a flintknapper creates a stone tool (that is, knaps flint). The process of making a stone tool is rather like sculpture, in that it involves whittling down a block of stone by removing unwanted pieces until the sculptor/flint knapper achieves the final product. Debitage refers to those unneeded stone fragments. Debitage is the French term for this material, but it is commonly used in the scholarly literature in most other languages, including English. Other terms in English include waste flakes, stone chips, and chipping debris; all of these refer to the stone fragments left over as a waste product created when a worker produces a stone tool. Those terms also refer to chipping debris leftover when a stone tool is repaired or refined. Why is Debitage Interesting? Scholars are interested in the stone flakes left behind by flintknappers for a number of reasons. The pile of debris is the location where stone tool production took place, even if the tool itself was taken away: that alone tells archaeologists about where people lived and worked in the past. The flakes also hold information about the type of stone used to make a stone tool, as well as the technology, the steps taken in the manufacturing process. Some of the waste flakes may be used as tools themselves, to scrape plants or cut meat for example, but by and large, the word debitage refers to those pieces which have not been reused. Whether the flakes were used as a tool or not, debitage accounts for the oldest evidence discovered for human-like behaviors: we know ancient people were making stone tools because we have found purposeful flaking debris even if we dont know what was being made. And as such, they have been recognized as an artifact type since the first decades of the 20th century. Analyzing Debitage Debitage analysis is the systematic study of those chipped stone flakes. The most common study of debitage involves simple (or complex) cataloging of the flakes characteristics, such as source material, length, width, weight, thickness, flaking scars, and the evidence of heat-treatment among many others. Given that there can be thousands or tens of thousands of pieces of debitage from a site, data from all of those flakes definitely qualifies as big data. In addition, analytical studies have attempted to classify the flakes by step in the tool-making process. In general, a stone tool is made by removing the largest pieces first, then the pieces get smaller and smaller as the tool gets refined and shaped. A popular tool-based debitage typology in the late 20th century consisted of categorizing flakes into three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes. These rough categories were thought to reflect a very specific set of flake removal processes: primary flakes were removed from a block of stone first, then secondary, and finally tertiary flakes. Defining those three categories was based on size and the percentage of the cortex (unmodified stone) left on the waste flake. Refitting, putting the stone pieces back together whether simply one flake to another or reconstructing an entire stone tool, was originally quite pain-staking and labor-intensive. More recent tool-based imaging processes have refined and built on this technique considerably. Other Analytical Types One of the problems with debitage analysis is there is just so much debitage. The construction of one tool from a block of stone can produce hundreds if not thousands of waste flakes of all shapes and sizes. As a result, studies of debitage as part of the study of all stone artifacts at a given site are frequently completed using mass analysis techniques. Size grading by using a set of graduated screens to sort debitage is often used. Researchers also sort the flakes into categories on a variety of attributes and then count and weigh the total in each category to estimate types of flaking activities. Piece-plotting of the distribution of debitage has been used, when it can be determined that the scatter of flakes has laid relatively undisturbed since its deposition. That study informs the researcher about the mechanics of flint-working activities. As a parallel study, an experimental reproduction of flint knapping has been used to build a suitable comparison of debitage scatters and production techniques. Microwear analysis is the study of the edge damage and pitting of debitage using a low- or high-power microscope, and it is generally reserved for debitage that has likely been used as a tool. Sources and Recent Studies A great source for information about all types of Lithic Analysis is Roger Graces Stone Age Reference Collection. The late Tony Bakers excellent lithics site  while now outdated still contains buckets of useful information based on his understanding of the mechanical processes he learned in his own flintknapping experiments. Ahler, Stanley A. Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Instead of the Tree. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis. The Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. Eds. Henry, D. O., and George H. Odell. Vol. 1 (1989): 85-118. Print. Andrefsky Jr., William. The Analysis of Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research 17.1 (2009): 65-103. Print. —. The Application and Misapplication of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34.3 (2007): 392-402. Print. Bradbury, Andrew P., and Philip J. Carr. Non-Metric Continuum-Based Flake Analysis. Lithic Technology 39.1 (2014): 20-38. Print. Chazan, Michael. Technological Perspectives on the Upper Paleolithic. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19.2 (2010): 57-65. Print. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America. American Antiquity 72.3 (2007): 585-97. Print. Eren, Metin I., and Stephen J. Lycett. Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental ‘Preferential’ Levallois Flakes Versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS ONE 7.1 (2012): e29273. Print. Frahm, Ellery, et al. Sourcing Geochemically Identical Obsidian: Multiscalar Magnetic Variations in the Gutansar Volcanic Complex and Implications for Palaeolithic Research in Armenia. Journal of Archaeological Science 47.0 (2014): 164-78. Print. Hayden, Brian, Edward Bakewell, and Rob Gargett. The Worlds Longest-Lived Corporate Group: Lithic Analysis Reveals Prehistoric Social Organization near Lillooet, British Columbia. American Antiquity 61.2 (1996): 341-56. Print. Hiscock, Peter. Quantifying the Size of Artefact Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 29.3 (2002): 251-58. Print. Pirie, Anne. Constructing Prehistory: Lithic Analysis in the Levantine Epipaleolithic. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10.3 (2004): 675-703. Print. Shea, John J. The Middle Stone Age Archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: Excavations, Lithic Assemblages, and Inferred Patterns of Early Homo Sapiens Behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008): 448-85. Print. Shott, Michael J. The Quantification Problem in Stone Tool Assemblages. American Antiquity 65.4 (2000): 725-38. Print. Sullivan, Alan P. III, and Kenneth C. Rozen. Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 50.4 (1985): 755-79. Print. Wallace, Ian J., and John J. Shea. Mobility Patterns and Core Technologies in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1293-309. Print. Williams, Justin P., and William Andrefsky Jr. Debitage Variability among Multiple Flint Knappers. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.4 (2011): 865-72. Print.

European Justification of Colonization of Asia and Africa...

The principle justification offered by the Europeans for their colonization of Asia Africa was the moral and technological superiority of the western world. As the Europeans saw it, the spread of the European way of life would substantially increase living standards for the colonized. While economic reasons were obviously the primary impetus for colonial expansion, the Europeans believed that they were not only improving the natives’ conditions, but they were saving their mortal souls by bringing Christianity to them. Over time, the technologically advanced way of life came to be associated with Europe, and with Europeans. This is the cause of the racist and social Darwinist undertones in the documents. First, Europeans use†¦show more content†¦The second justification is the welfare of the colonized nation. According to the majority of the documents given, assimilation into the world economy boosted the economy of the colonized nation, thus increasing the gener al well-being in said nation. Additionally, the colonizing nation would spread new technology, including things like medicine and agricultural technology. Of course, the colonizer would not just hand out life saving technology and then leave. Usually, the colonized nation would use the new technology under the supervision of the colonizer. The example of India proves this point. India benefited greatly from industrialization, which was brought about by the British. However, when the British discovered that India’s industrialization would cut them off from valuable raw materials, they halted the industrialization process, leaving India in very bad shape. If the British had allowed India to industrialize, the world would probably be a very different place today. Document 3 shows a cartoon that illustrates the point above. 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Before the Age of ReasonRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesimperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potential markets for industrial products * Political motives * Strategic purpose: harbors and supply stations for industrial nations * Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions * Cultural justifications of imperialism * Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia * Civilizing missionRead MoreThe And Its Effects On Africa1550 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"In time, we shall be in a position to bestow on Africa the greatest possible gift - a more human face.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Steve Biko. The continent that the rest of the world looks down upon is struggling for a different reason than you may think. 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In Australia, the nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle causedRead MoreThe And Its Effects On The Culture1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main character, Okonkwo, has to live his life in this sort of reality, is the perfect showcase. While Okonkwo is exiled, Umuofia is under this shadow of colonialistic power from Europeans. The ideas that are forced upon the culture can be put under that category of formidable violence. The tactics of the Europeans can be portrayed, â€Å"†¦the Reverend James Smith †¦ was a different kind of man. He condemned openly†¦ he saw things in black and white. Sand black was evil. He saw the world as a battlefieldRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferentiation is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous, and there is no justifi cation for racial discrimination, in theory or in practice, anywhere. In history, racism was a driving force behind conquest and the Transatlantic slave trade, and behind states based on racial segregation such as the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid. Practices and ideologies of racism are universally condemned by the United NationsRead MoreWhy Was Africa Colonised?1882 Words   |  8 Pageswas Africa colonised in the years 1870-1914? The Colonization of Africa was due to a wide range of factors, not only economic and political but also for social, religious, humanitarian and technological reasons, which differed from country to country. Africa’s diplomatic, strategic and material potential led European Powers to seize the opportunity to exploit a new continent. During a period between 1870 and 1914, where the continent of Africa was completely annexed by the leading European powers:

CAPM’s Contribution to the Stock Market Free Essays

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a mathematical, analytical formula to help investors make the wisest decisions on the stock market. Before purchasing a common stock, an investor may use the CAPM (a mathematical formula) to estimate its expected returns. The Model may be used for all kinds of assets. We will write a custom essay sample on CAPM’s Contribution to the Stock Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now In brief, the CAPM helps to explain â€Å"the relationship between the risk of a particular asset or stock, its market price, and the expected return to the investor (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM,† 2007). By using CAPM as a tool to project expected returns from stocks, investors automatically affect the demand and prices of stocks sold on the market. The CAPM starts out with the assumption that there are two kinds of risks that must be assessed before an investment decision is made. Systematic risk includes risks facing the market as a whole and that cannot be dampened through portfolio diversification. Examples of systematic risks include rates of interest and economic slumps (McClure, 2008). While systematic risks must affect all stocks at the same time, unsystematic risks or specific risks are risks that are â€Å"specific to individual stocks and can be diversified away as the investor increases the number of stocks in his or her portfolio (McClure). † Of course, good investors are well-versed in investment theories such as the modern portfolio theory, which clearly states that diversification cannot resolve the issue of systematic risks, although specific risks may be easily handled by diversifying an investment portfolio. CAPM was developed as a way to address the issues raised by the modern portfolio theory. This Model is a tool to measure systematic risks as well (McClure). The Risk Glossary explains the importance of estimating systematic risk before the formula for measuring such risk is described: According to CAPM, the marketplace compensates investors for taking systematic risk but not for taking specific risk. This is because specific risk can be diversified away. When an nvestor holds the market portfolio, each individual asset in that portfolio entails specific risk, but through diversification, the investor’s net exposure is just the systematic risk of the market portfolio. Systematic risk can be measured using beta. According to CAPM, the expected return of a stock equals the risk-free rate plus the portfolio’s beta multiplied by the expected excess return of the market portfolio. Specifically, let and be random variables for the simple returns of the stock and the market ove r some specified period. Let be the known risk-free rate, also expressed as a simple return, and let be the stock’s beta. Then where E denotes an expectation (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model,† 1996). The formula of CAPM is considered its conclusion (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). To put it simply, the formula states that â€Å"excess expected return† of a stock is dependent on the beta of the stock rather than the stock’s volatility (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). The same can be stated for an investment portfolio. Another way to explain the formula is that â€Å"the stock’s excess expected return over the risk-free rate equals its beta times the market’s expected excess return over the risk free rate (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). † Or, excess expected return from a stock is dependent on systematic risk rather than the total of risks (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). As suggested previously, by knowing the beta and expected returns for a certain stock or asset, investors are able to bid up or down its price. Expected returns are adjusted so long as the formula has not been satisfied. Thus, the Capital Asset Pricing Model ends up predicting the equilibrium price of a stock or asset. One of the assumptions of the model is that all investors agree on the expected return of certain stock or asset as well as the beta. Although this assumption is unrealistic, the CAPM is believed to affect the stock market by urging investors to raise the demand for particular assets or stocks as compared to others, based on the information they obtain through the use of the Model (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). Apart from the unrealistic assumption of CAPM mentioned above, there are other problems with the Model that experts have identified by way of research. As an example, Eugene Fama and Kenneth French, upon considering expected returns on the American Stock Exchange, Nasdaq and the New York Stock Exchange for a period of 27 years, found that the differences of beta do not consistently describe the performance of stocks (McClure). McClure reports that the study conducted by Fama and French is not the only one that raised doubts about the validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model. A major problem with the Model is the fact that beta cannot be used as a sure predictor of the reaction of stocks to various changes. All the same, the CAPM continues to be used by countless investors around the globe (McClure). In other words, beta continues to affect investment decisions that run the stock market day after day. References Capital Asset Pricing Model. (1996). Risk Glossary. Retrieved Nov 4, 2008, from http://www.riskglossary.com/link/capital_asset_pricing_model.htm. Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM. (2007). Money Zine. Retrieved Nov 4, 2008, from http://www.money-zine.com/Investing/Stocks/Capital-Asset-Pricing-Model-or-CAPM/. McClure, B. (2008). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: An Overview. Investopedia. Retrieved Nov 4, 2008, from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/06/CAPM.asp. How to cite CAPM’s Contribution to the Stock Market, Papers

The Early Middle

West European Studies Feudalism refers to military and political practices in medieval Europe that occurred amid the 19TH century and 15th century. Sacking of Rome by Visigoths resulted to feudalism in Europe. This spearheaded (Brown, Elizabeth 1065) the Romans living in Europe to move back to their native land abandoning the land in Europe without organisation as well as Roman centralisation system. Disintegration of Europe following the Roman power exit gradually led to Feudalism systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initial feudalism components occurred in Germany and France in the ninth and tenth centuries. Roman regime elements were taken to military and political practices. Furthermore, Roman villas alongside their property were given to leaders of the military temporarily in return to their loyalty both to the emperor and to Rome (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 229). Traditionally, Romans ensured personal security from peasants who were submissive with considerable power to engage in warfare. Hence, Europeans assumed this arrangement by escalating European noble power from the king’s land grants in return of the services provided by the military. This resulted to the development of Feudalism. Manorialism on the other hand refers to an important component of feudal community which entailed the principles used in organizing economy in the rural that was born in the medieval villa system .It was largely used in central and Western Europe and gradually replaced by market economies based on use of money including agrarian contracts. This was based on vesting of the lords with both economic and legal power with regard to their power of holding large pieces of land including their legal responsibility to hold and care for the peasant persons in their area of jurisdiction. T he obligation could be paid through different means such as cash money or in kind (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 236). The manors were founded on Roman empires agricultural estates as well as the new land segmentations formed by founding medieval kings. For instance, they existed in Mediterranean areas such as Islamic and Byzantine. During Carolingian empire, manors in Western Europe formed a distinct structure of lords and serfs that were significant in medieval period. Nearly all the manors comprised of homes belonging to the Lords in addition to exterior buildings like mills and barns as well as a minimum of one village in which peasant farmers lived and worked. Peasants depended wholly on crops tilled from the little spaces they owned. Serfs on the other hand tended their herds of cattle including the working horses, goats and sheep. They used large herds of animals for ploughing more so in the heavy northern Europe clay soils.Advertising Looking for essay on history? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Feudal and manors had some ties which resulted from the coming of war. During the 8th century Carolingian nobles started developing common contracts that held individuals jointly in relationships that were personal (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 233). The structures were modified tying Germany tribes together. Modern West judges a community with regard to the freedom accorded to its citizens whilst in the middle societal order was based on connections as opposed to the extent of freedom. Hence every person from the less fortunate to the lords was tied to some people either inferior or superior to them in mutual obligation contractual systems. Never the less, the responsibility failed to exhibit equality instead everyone had stipulated commitments to other person. Each individual in the society was supposed to adhere to a hierarchy of rules and regulations in that society (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman Dennis 231). The hierarchy did not arise from rational planning but rather in gradually developed over many centuries .The chaos during this century perpetuated the development of the relationship between the manors and the feudal. The feudal and manor bonds were plastic since they were based on individuals, place and time. The relationship kept the society from shattering during the 19th century decentralization and invasions. The invasions were expected to arise from each side for instance Saracens emanating from the northern part of Africa invading Mediterranean region thus bring disruption to commerce and sacking the Romans in 846. Another invasion would emanate from Magyars coming from Eastern Europe and pitching their tents in the valley of Danube in 895 invading Italy, Germany and France for fifty years. The invasions gave rise to a dark age full of barbaric and violent customs. For instance, Christianity was then pt to task to help convert Vikings in to a people that are ci vilized. Works Cited Brown, Elizabeth. â€Å"The tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Mediaval Europe.† American History Review 79.1974 (1980): 1063-1068. Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis. The West in the World. London: Mcgraw-Hill Higher Street, 2004.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism was written and submitted by user Rodolfo Patterson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Seven Habits

Seven Habits: Improving Ourselves The book, Seven Habits of Highly Effective People written by Stephen Covey is an excellent book and compliments everything that we have studied this semester. His book is an enhancing book based on personal experiences, tips, and suggestions on how to better our lives. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People begins with the wise observation that people perceive the world differently, and because we view the world with our own unique "lens," it is difficult to separate the observation from the observer. Covey says that we all have our own paradigm, which is our own map of how we perceive the world and how we think the world should be in our ideal view. Covey writes, "The way we see things are the source of the way we think and the way we act" (Covey et al, 1989). Covey reveals ways of changing by providing a seven-step approach, which will give a positive accent to your life. Covey’s seven habits are: Be Proactive, Begin With the End in Mind, Put First Things First, Think Win/Win, Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood, Synergize, and lastly Sharpen the Saw. Habits one, two, and three relate to private victory with habit four, five, and six relating to public victories and habit seven being involved with renewal. According to Covey, Habit one, Be Proactive, explains our ability to take charge of our lives. We have the ability to take charge, plan ahead, and focus our energies on things we can control instead of reacting to or worrying about things over which we have little or no control. Being proactive is determined by principles. Principles are how you treat other people, how to listen to people, how you build trust, how to seek win-win relationships and being genuinely happy when other people succeed. No matter what the world outside is like or what your mood is you still hold true to your principles. Being proactive also means that yo... Free Essays on Seven Habits Free Essays on Seven Habits Seven Habits: Improving Ourselves The book, Seven Habits of Highly Effective People written by Stephen Covey is an excellent book and compliments everything that we have studied this semester. His book is an enhancing book based on personal experiences, tips, and suggestions on how to better our lives. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People begins with the wise observation that people perceive the world differently, and because we view the world with our own unique "lens," it is difficult to separate the observation from the observer. Covey says that we all have our own paradigm, which is our own map of how we perceive the world and how we think the world should be in our ideal view. Covey writes, "The way we see things are the source of the way we think and the way we act" (Covey et al, 1989). Covey reveals ways of changing by providing a seven-step approach, which will give a positive accent to your life. Covey’s seven habits are: Be Proactive, Begin With the End in Mind, Put First Things First, Think Win/Win, Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood, Synergize, and lastly Sharpen the Saw. Habits one, two, and three relate to private victory with habit four, five, and six relating to public victories and habit seven being involved with renewal. According to Covey, Habit one, Be Proactive, explains our ability to take charge of our lives. We have the ability to take charge, plan ahead, and focus our energies on things we can control instead of reacting to or worrying about things over which we have little or no control. Being proactive is determined by principles. Principles are how you treat other people, how to listen to people, how you build trust, how to seek win-win relationships and being genuinely happy when other people succeed. No matter what the world outside is like or what your mood is you still hold true to your principles. Being proactive also means that yo...

Understanding Gaslighting and What Victims Can Do

Understanding Gaslighting and What Victims Can Do Gaslighting is a harmful form of psychological abuse in which a person or entity attempts to gain power over others by making them question their own recollection of events, perception of reality, and ultimately  their sanity.  Ã‚  Ã‚   As used in clinical research, literature, and political commentary, the term comes from the 1938 Patrick Hamilton play â€Å"Gas Light,† and its film adaptations released in 1940 and 1944, in which a murderous husband slowly drives his wife insane by progressively dimming their home’s gas-powered lights without her knowledge. When his wife complains, he convincingly tells her that the light has not changed.   Since almost anyone can fall victim to gaslighting, it is a common tactic of domestic abusers, cult leaders, sociopaths, narcissists, and dictators. Gaslighting can be perpetrated by either women or men. Often especially convincingly charming liars, gaslighters consistently deny their devious actions. For example, physically abusive persons involved in intimate relationships may gaslight their partners by passionately denying  they had acted violently or by trying to convince victims that they â€Å"deserved it,† or â€Å"enjoyed it.† Ultimately, gaslighting victims lower their expectations of what constitutes true affection and start to see themselves as being less deserving of affectionate treatment. The gaslighter’s ultimate goal is to instill a feeling of â€Å"I can’t believe my eyes† causing their victims to second guess their perception of reality, choice, and decision, thus increasing their level of trust in and dependence on their abuser for helping them â€Å"do the right thing.† Dangerously, of course, the â€Å"right thing† is often the â€Å"wrong thing.† The longer the gaslighting continues, the more catastrophic its effects can be on the victim’s psychological health. In the most serious cases, the victim actually begins to accept the gaslighter’s false version of reality as the truth, stop looking for help, reject the advice and support of family and friends, and become completely dependent of their abuser. Techniques and Examples of Gaslighting The techniques of gaslighting are cleverly designed to make it hard for victims to recognize. In most cases, the gaslighter purposely creates situations that allow them to hide the truth from the victim. For example, a gaslighter might move his partner’s keys from their usual spot, causing her to think she had misplaced them. He then â€Å"helps† her find the keys, telling her something like, â€Å"See? They’re right where you always leave them.† According the Domestic Abuse Hotline, the most common techniques of gaslighting include: Withholding: The gaslighter pretends not to understand or ignores his or her victims. For example, â€Å"Oh, not this again,† or â€Å"Now you’re trying to confuse me,† or â€Å"How many times have I told you†¦?†Countering: The gaslighter wrongly blames the victim’s faulty memory, even when the victim’s recollection is accurate. For example, â€Å"You’ve been forgetting things more often lately,† or â€Å"Your mind is playing tricks on you again.†Blocking or Diverting: The gaslighter keeps changing the subject or questioning their victim’s mental health, For example, â€Å"I bet your crazy friend (or family member) told you that,† or â€Å"You’re just making things up so you can use them against me.†Trivializing: The gaslighter makes the victim’s needs or fears seem unimportant. For example: â€Å"You’re mad at me for a little thing like that?† or â€Å"You’re going to let that come between us?†Forgetting or Denial: The gaslighter falsely claims to have forgotten what actually happened or denies promises made to the victim. For example, â€Å"I told you I was going to be late,† or â€Å"I never told you I would pick you up.† Common Signs of Gaslighting Victims must first recognize the signs  of gaslighting in order to escape the abuse. According to psychoanalyst Robin Stern, Ph.D., you might be a victim if: You seem to be second-guessing or doubting yourself more often,You constantly wonder if you might be â€Å"too sensitive.†You often feel confused, possibly to the point of doubting your own sanity.You constantly feel you need to apologize to your partner.You wonder why, with so many good things in your life, you are so unhappy.You frequently feel the need to make excuses for partner’s behavior.You often withhold information about your partner’s behavior from friends and family.You know something is very wrong, but can’t quite figure out what it is.You struggle to make what should be simple decisions.You constantly feel that you need to be a â€Å"better person.†You feel hopeless and joyless.You wonder if you are â€Å"good enough† partner. Since some of these signs of gaslighting- especially those involving memory loss and confusion- could also be symptoms of another physical or emotional disorder,  persons experiencing them should always consult with a physician. Recovering from Gaslighting Once they recognize that someone is gaslighting them, victims can recover and regain their ability to trust their own perception of reality. Victims often benefit from re-establishing relationships they may have abandoned as a result of being abused. Isolation only makes the situation worse and surrenders more power to the abuser. Knowing they have the trust and support of others helps victims recover the ability to trust and believe in themselves. Recovering gaslighting victims may also choose to seek professional therapy to gain reassurance that their sense of reality is correct. Again able to trust themselves, victims are better able to end their relationship with their abusers. While gaslighter-victim relationships can be salvaged, doing so can be difficult. As relationship therapist Darlene Lancer, JD, points out, both partners must be willing and able to change their behavior. Willing partners sometimes successfully encourage each other to change. However, as Lancer notes, this is less likely to happen if one or both partners has an addiction or personality disorder. Key Points About Gaslighting Gaslighting is a harmful form of psychological abuse.Gaslighters attempt to gain control over others by making them question their own memory, reality, and sanity.Gaslighting is a common tactic of domestic abusers, cult leaders, sociopaths, narcissists, and dictators.The first step in recovering from gaslighting is realizing it is happening.As with all forms of psychological and domestic abuse, professional help is often needed. Sources and Additional References Firth, Shanon. â€Å"What is gaslighting?† The Week onlineJacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M. When Men Batter Women: New Insights into Ending Abusive Relationships. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81447-6â€Å"What is Gaslighting.† Domestic Abuse Hotline. Online. May 29, 2014â€Å"7 Signs You Are a Victim of Gaslighting†. Divorced moms .comâ€Å"11 Warning Signs of Gaslighting.† PsychologyToday.com. January 22, 2017Stern, Robin, PhD. The Gaslight Effect: How to Spot and Survive the Hidden Manipulation Others Use to Control Your Life. Harmony. ISBN 978-0-7679-2445-0â€Å"Gaslighting Definition, Techniques and Being Gaslighted.†Ã‚  HealthyPlace.comâ€Å"Gaslighting.† GoodTherapy.org onlineLancer, Darlene JD, LMFT. â€Å"How to Know If Youre a Victim of Gaslighting.† PsychologyToday.com. January, 13, 2018Stout, Martha. The Sociopath Next Door. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-7679-1582-3.

You will find the topic in order instructions Essay

You will find the topic in order instructions - Essay Example Women are migrating overseas to look for work more and more because of the attractiveness that is on offer. These women are mostly not very highly educated, although the case of Rena demonstrates that it can even happen amongst college educated women to. In their home countries, women are likely to be restricted in what they can do simply due to the local traditions and customs. Many women feel bound to their home country because of the ways that they have been brought up. For these who rebel against cultural expectations, migrating to another country for work purposes is an attractive option because of the freedom that it gives. Generally, the pay is also greater because of the higher standard of living that is available. Aside from this, many women appreciate working in a foreign culture because it allows them to come out of their shell. Looking at it from the other side, there is a huge demand for female labor and this demand drives up the number of immigrants who choose to go to look for work in a foreign country. As previously stated above, many women find work in the service industry because that is the easiest work that they can perform. Exploitation is huge in these instances because employers can take advantages of their employees, who may not understand the local culture and thus are at the mercy of their superiors. Women who work in jobs like these may be asked to do something that they may not feel too comfortable with. However, because of their situation, they generally have no choice but to go along with what is being asked of them. This means that they are in a disadvantageous position and can be exploited. Depending on whether they are legal or not, they may not want to report something to the police for fear of being kicked out and sent back to their home countries. This may mean a loss of income for the women concerned, not to mention a complete loss of face. Faced with a tough choice, migrant women are more likely to comply with what