The Early Middle

West European Studies Feudalism refers to military and political practices in medieval Europe that occurred amid the 19TH century and 15th century. Sacking of Rome by Visigoths resulted to feudalism in Europe. This spearheaded (Brown, Elizabeth 1065) the Romans living in Europe to move back to their native land abandoning the land in Europe without organisation as well as Roman centralisation system. Disintegration of Europe following the Roman power exit gradually led to Feudalism systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initial feudalism components occurred in Germany and France in the ninth and tenth centuries. Roman regime elements were taken to military and political practices. Furthermore, Roman villas alongside their property were given to leaders of the military temporarily in return to their loyalty both to the emperor and to Rome (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 229). Traditionally, Romans ensured personal security from peasants who were submissive with considerable power to engage in warfare. Hence, Europeans assumed this arrangement by escalating European noble power from the king’s land grants in return of the services provided by the military. This resulted to the development of Feudalism. Manorialism on the other hand refers to an important component of feudal community which entailed the principles used in organizing economy in the rural that was born in the medieval villa system .It was largely used in central and Western Europe and gradually replaced by market economies based on use of money including agrarian contracts. This was based on vesting of the lords with both economic and legal power with regard to their power of holding large pieces of land including their legal responsibility to hold and care for the peasant persons in their area of jurisdiction. T he obligation could be paid through different means such as cash money or in kind (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 236). The manors were founded on Roman empires agricultural estates as well as the new land segmentations formed by founding medieval kings. For instance, they existed in Mediterranean areas such as Islamic and Byzantine. During Carolingian empire, manors in Western Europe formed a distinct structure of lords and serfs that were significant in medieval period. Nearly all the manors comprised of homes belonging to the Lords in addition to exterior buildings like mills and barns as well as a minimum of one village in which peasant farmers lived and worked. Peasants depended wholly on crops tilled from the little spaces they owned. Serfs on the other hand tended their herds of cattle including the working horses, goats and sheep. They used large herds of animals for ploughing more so in the heavy northern Europe clay soils.Advertising Looking for essay on history? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Feudal and manors had some ties which resulted from the coming of war. During the 8th century Carolingian nobles started developing common contracts that held individuals jointly in relationships that were personal (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 233). The structures were modified tying Germany tribes together. Modern West judges a community with regard to the freedom accorded to its citizens whilst in the middle societal order was based on connections as opposed to the extent of freedom. Hence every person from the less fortunate to the lords was tied to some people either inferior or superior to them in mutual obligation contractual systems. Never the less, the responsibility failed to exhibit equality instead everyone had stipulated commitments to other person. Each individual in the society was supposed to adhere to a hierarchy of rules and regulations in that society (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman Dennis 231). The hierarchy did not arise from rational planning but rather in gradually developed over many centuries .The chaos during this century perpetuated the development of the relationship between the manors and the feudal. The feudal and manor bonds were plastic since they were based on individuals, place and time. The relationship kept the society from shattering during the 19th century decentralization and invasions. The invasions were expected to arise from each side for instance Saracens emanating from the northern part of Africa invading Mediterranean region thus bring disruption to commerce and sacking the Romans in 846. Another invasion would emanate from Magyars coming from Eastern Europe and pitching their tents in the valley of Danube in 895 invading Italy, Germany and France for fifty years. The invasions gave rise to a dark age full of barbaric and violent customs. For instance, Christianity was then pt to task to help convert Vikings in to a people that are ci vilized. Works Cited Brown, Elizabeth. â€Å"The tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Mediaval Europe.† American History Review 79.1974 (1980): 1063-1068. Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis. The West in the World. London: Mcgraw-Hill Higher Street, 2004.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism was written and submitted by user Rodolfo Patterson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Seven Habits

Seven Habits: Improving Ourselves The book, Seven Habits of Highly Effective People written by Stephen Covey is an excellent book and compliments everything that we have studied this semester. His book is an enhancing book based on personal experiences, tips, and suggestions on how to better our lives. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People begins with the wise observation that people perceive the world differently, and because we view the world with our own unique "lens," it is difficult to separate the observation from the observer. Covey says that we all have our own paradigm, which is our own map of how we perceive the world and how we think the world should be in our ideal view. Covey writes, "The way we see things are the source of the way we think and the way we act" (Covey et al, 1989). Covey reveals ways of changing by providing a seven-step approach, which will give a positive accent to your life. Covey’s seven habits are: Be Proactive, Begin With the End in Mind, Put First Things First, Think Win/Win, Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood, Synergize, and lastly Sharpen the Saw. Habits one, two, and three relate to private victory with habit four, five, and six relating to public victories and habit seven being involved with renewal. According to Covey, Habit one, Be Proactive, explains our ability to take charge of our lives. We have the ability to take charge, plan ahead, and focus our energies on things we can control instead of reacting to or worrying about things over which we have little or no control. Being proactive is determined by principles. Principles are how you treat other people, how to listen to people, how you build trust, how to seek win-win relationships and being genuinely happy when other people succeed. No matter what the world outside is like or what your mood is you still hold true to your principles. Being proactive also means that yo... Free Essays on Seven Habits Free Essays on Seven Habits Seven Habits: Improving Ourselves The book, Seven Habits of Highly Effective People written by Stephen Covey is an excellent book and compliments everything that we have studied this semester. His book is an enhancing book based on personal experiences, tips, and suggestions on how to better our lives. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People begins with the wise observation that people perceive the world differently, and because we view the world with our own unique "lens," it is difficult to separate the observation from the observer. Covey says that we all have our own paradigm, which is our own map of how we perceive the world and how we think the world should be in our ideal view. Covey writes, "The way we see things are the source of the way we think and the way we act" (Covey et al, 1989). Covey reveals ways of changing by providing a seven-step approach, which will give a positive accent to your life. Covey’s seven habits are: Be Proactive, Begin With the End in Mind, Put First Things First, Think Win/Win, Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood, Synergize, and lastly Sharpen the Saw. Habits one, two, and three relate to private victory with habit four, five, and six relating to public victories and habit seven being involved with renewal. According to Covey, Habit one, Be Proactive, explains our ability to take charge of our lives. We have the ability to take charge, plan ahead, and focus our energies on things we can control instead of reacting to or worrying about things over which we have little or no control. Being proactive is determined by principles. Principles are how you treat other people, how to listen to people, how you build trust, how to seek win-win relationships and being genuinely happy when other people succeed. No matter what the world outside is like or what your mood is you still hold true to your principles. Being proactive also means that yo...

Understanding Gaslighting and What Victims Can Do

Understanding Gaslighting and What Victims Can Do Gaslighting is a harmful form of psychological abuse in which a person or entity attempts to gain power over others by making them question their own recollection of events, perception of reality, and ultimately  their sanity.  Ã‚  Ã‚   As used in clinical research, literature, and political commentary, the term comes from the 1938 Patrick Hamilton play â€Å"Gas Light,† and its film adaptations released in 1940 and 1944, in which a murderous husband slowly drives his wife insane by progressively dimming their home’s gas-powered lights without her knowledge. When his wife complains, he convincingly tells her that the light has not changed.   Since almost anyone can fall victim to gaslighting, it is a common tactic of domestic abusers, cult leaders, sociopaths, narcissists, and dictators. Gaslighting can be perpetrated by either women or men. Often especially convincingly charming liars, gaslighters consistently deny their devious actions. For example, physically abusive persons involved in intimate relationships may gaslight their partners by passionately denying  they had acted violently or by trying to convince victims that they â€Å"deserved it,† or â€Å"enjoyed it.† Ultimately, gaslighting victims lower their expectations of what constitutes true affection and start to see themselves as being less deserving of affectionate treatment. The gaslighter’s ultimate goal is to instill a feeling of â€Å"I can’t believe my eyes† causing their victims to second guess their perception of reality, choice, and decision, thus increasing their level of trust in and dependence on their abuser for helping them â€Å"do the right thing.† Dangerously, of course, the â€Å"right thing† is often the â€Å"wrong thing.† The longer the gaslighting continues, the more catastrophic its effects can be on the victim’s psychological health. In the most serious cases, the victim actually begins to accept the gaslighter’s false version of reality as the truth, stop looking for help, reject the advice and support of family and friends, and become completely dependent of their abuser. Techniques and Examples of Gaslighting The techniques of gaslighting are cleverly designed to make it hard for victims to recognize. In most cases, the gaslighter purposely creates situations that allow them to hide the truth from the victim. For example, a gaslighter might move his partner’s keys from their usual spot, causing her to think she had misplaced them. He then â€Å"helps† her find the keys, telling her something like, â€Å"See? They’re right where you always leave them.† According the Domestic Abuse Hotline, the most common techniques of gaslighting include: Withholding: The gaslighter pretends not to understand or ignores his or her victims. For example, â€Å"Oh, not this again,† or â€Å"Now you’re trying to confuse me,† or â€Å"How many times have I told you†¦?†Countering: The gaslighter wrongly blames the victim’s faulty memory, even when the victim’s recollection is accurate. For example, â€Å"You’ve been forgetting things more often lately,† or â€Å"Your mind is playing tricks on you again.†Blocking or Diverting: The gaslighter keeps changing the subject or questioning their victim’s mental health, For example, â€Å"I bet your crazy friend (or family member) told you that,† or â€Å"You’re just making things up so you can use them against me.†Trivializing: The gaslighter makes the victim’s needs or fears seem unimportant. For example: â€Å"You’re mad at me for a little thing like that?† or â€Å"You’re going to let that come between us?†Forgetting or Denial: The gaslighter falsely claims to have forgotten what actually happened or denies promises made to the victim. For example, â€Å"I told you I was going to be late,† or â€Å"I never told you I would pick you up.† Common Signs of Gaslighting Victims must first recognize the signs  of gaslighting in order to escape the abuse. According to psychoanalyst Robin Stern, Ph.D., you might be a victim if: You seem to be second-guessing or doubting yourself more often,You constantly wonder if you might be â€Å"too sensitive.†You often feel confused, possibly to the point of doubting your own sanity.You constantly feel you need to apologize to your partner.You wonder why, with so many good things in your life, you are so unhappy.You frequently feel the need to make excuses for partner’s behavior.You often withhold information about your partner’s behavior from friends and family.You know something is very wrong, but can’t quite figure out what it is.You struggle to make what should be simple decisions.You constantly feel that you need to be a â€Å"better person.†You feel hopeless and joyless.You wonder if you are â€Å"good enough† partner. Since some of these signs of gaslighting- especially those involving memory loss and confusion- could also be symptoms of another physical or emotional disorder,  persons experiencing them should always consult with a physician. Recovering from Gaslighting Once they recognize that someone is gaslighting them, victims can recover and regain their ability to trust their own perception of reality. Victims often benefit from re-establishing relationships they may have abandoned as a result of being abused. Isolation only makes the situation worse and surrenders more power to the abuser. Knowing they have the trust and support of others helps victims recover the ability to trust and believe in themselves. Recovering gaslighting victims may also choose to seek professional therapy to gain reassurance that their sense of reality is correct. Again able to trust themselves, victims are better able to end their relationship with their abusers. While gaslighter-victim relationships can be salvaged, doing so can be difficult. As relationship therapist Darlene Lancer, JD, points out, both partners must be willing and able to change their behavior. Willing partners sometimes successfully encourage each other to change. However, as Lancer notes, this is less likely to happen if one or both partners has an addiction or personality disorder. Key Points About Gaslighting Gaslighting is a harmful form of psychological abuse.Gaslighters attempt to gain control over others by making them question their own memory, reality, and sanity.Gaslighting is a common tactic of domestic abusers, cult leaders, sociopaths, narcissists, and dictators.The first step in recovering from gaslighting is realizing it is happening.As with all forms of psychological and domestic abuse, professional help is often needed. Sources and Additional References Firth, Shanon. â€Å"What is gaslighting?† The Week onlineJacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M. When Men Batter Women: New Insights into Ending Abusive Relationships. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81447-6â€Å"What is Gaslighting.† Domestic Abuse Hotline. Online. May 29, 2014â€Å"7 Signs You Are a Victim of Gaslighting†. Divorced moms .comâ€Å"11 Warning Signs of Gaslighting.† PsychologyToday.com. January 22, 2017Stern, Robin, PhD. The Gaslight Effect: How to Spot and Survive the Hidden Manipulation Others Use to Control Your Life. Harmony. ISBN 978-0-7679-2445-0â€Å"Gaslighting Definition, Techniques and Being Gaslighted.†Ã‚  HealthyPlace.comâ€Å"Gaslighting.† GoodTherapy.org onlineLancer, Darlene JD, LMFT. â€Å"How to Know If Youre a Victim of Gaslighting.† PsychologyToday.com. January, 13, 2018Stout, Martha. The Sociopath Next Door. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-7679-1582-3.

You will find the topic in order instructions Essay

You will find the topic in order instructions - Essay Example Women are migrating overseas to look for work more and more because of the attractiveness that is on offer. These women are mostly not very highly educated, although the case of Rena demonstrates that it can even happen amongst college educated women to. In their home countries, women are likely to be restricted in what they can do simply due to the local traditions and customs. Many women feel bound to their home country because of the ways that they have been brought up. For these who rebel against cultural expectations, migrating to another country for work purposes is an attractive option because of the freedom that it gives. Generally, the pay is also greater because of the higher standard of living that is available. Aside from this, many women appreciate working in a foreign culture because it allows them to come out of their shell. Looking at it from the other side, there is a huge demand for female labor and this demand drives up the number of immigrants who choose to go to look for work in a foreign country. As previously stated above, many women find work in the service industry because that is the easiest work that they can perform. Exploitation is huge in these instances because employers can take advantages of their employees, who may not understand the local culture and thus are at the mercy of their superiors. Women who work in jobs like these may be asked to do something that they may not feel too comfortable with. However, because of their situation, they generally have no choice but to go along with what is being asked of them. This means that they are in a disadvantageous position and can be exploited. Depending on whether they are legal or not, they may not want to report something to the police for fear of being kicked out and sent back to their home countries. This may mean a loss of income for the women concerned, not to mention a complete loss of face. Faced with a tough choice, migrant women are more likely to comply with what

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Marketing Research - Essay Example Research studies can be of two types. They are usually the basic type of research and secondly the applied type of research. The type of research depends on the focus of the study. Research studies tend to be conducted for the expanding the level of knowledge horizon for the individuals or for gaining new information related to any aspect (Thornhill et al 2007). Also research is conducted at times to derive solutions for certain management or marketing related problems (Thornhill et al 2007). Research studies are an in-depth process of studying any aspect. Research writing tends to explore many new dimensions of any subject and with the help of research possible conclusions and recommendations are deduced by thorough analysis of the research study. The first and foremost part of commencing any research study is to develop a good research proposal (Lindfelt and TÃ ¶rnroos 2006). A research proposal gives a good idea about the study and helps towards highlighting the aspects that will be included in the research and also discusses the research path taken by the researcher. Therefore it is very important to follow all the components of a good research proposal so that the outcome of the research study can take place in a systematic manner (Hanson and Grimmer 2007). Introduction is important for any piece of writing and therefore one to two paragraphs of the subject of research need to be discussed here so that the reader gets the overview of the subject title that is going to be researched upon further (Thornhill et al 2007). The introductory paragraph opens the path of the study for the researcher. The underlying principles and the foundation of the subject title needs to be discussed here. The interest of the researcher on the topic should be discussed here. The reason needs to be discussed related to the subject title such as any problems related to the subject of research is motivating the researcher to carry out the study in this subject scope

Club Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

It’s 6 o’clock on a Saturday morning and while some teenagers are enjoying the extra hours of sleep, many are still bouncing around to the sounds of techno music. Thousands of teenagers and even some adults gather into clubs decorated with black lights, disco balls, and tons of smoke machines. Their hearts are pounding and their pulse is racing at the speed of light, all compliments of designer drugs known as club drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Changing the molecular structure of an existing drug or drugs to create a new substance creates designer drugs (Kusinitz 151). The all night dance parties, known as raves, are about the wildest thing going from midnight till dawn, and often beyond. Just because these drugs may portray something that may sound like fun, the downfall of these drugs make you think twice before taking them at the club. Raves are becoming more popular than ever and these designer drugs are becoming even easier to get a hold of (Kusinitz 46). When asked, over 50 percent of high school seniors said they knew they could get ecstasy â€Å"fairly easily† or â€Å"very easily† if needed (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Since untrained amateurs commonly create designer drugs in underground laboratories, the drugs can be dangerous (Mass 16). Among all designer drugs, MDMA, or Ecstasy is the most commonly used (Kusinitz 47). Others include Ketamine known commonly as Special K or â€Å"K†, and LSD also known as acid. Ecstasy is used at the party and rave scene for it...

Jose Rizal Life and Education Essay

Family and Early life He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). His parents went to school and were well known. His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Binan, Laguna. Rizal looked up to him. His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a lot and knew about art and many other things. Rizal said she was loving and very smart. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of three. At age five, while learning to read and write, he also showed that he could draw and paint. He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay. ————————————————- Education In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. At the same time, he took classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo. In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor. He stopped in hisstudies when he felt that the Filipino students were not being treated right by the priests who were also their teachers. On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain. In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor. On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters. Having traveled throughout Europe, America and Asia, he spoke 22 languages. These include: * Arabic * Catalan * Chinese| * English * French * German| * Greek * Hebrew * Italian| * Japanese * Latin * Malayan| * Portuguese * Russian * Sanskrit| * Spanish language * Tagalog| A very smart man, he was good at many other jobs besides being a doctor: * architect * artist * businessman * cartoonist| * educator * economist * ethnologist * scientific farmer| * historian * inventor * journalist * linguist| * musician * mythologist * nationalist * naturalist| * novelist * ophthalmic surgeon * poet * propagandist| * psychologist * scientist * sculptor * sociologist * theologian| ————————————————- Political Life He hoped to make political changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school. Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country. In March 1887, his book, Noli Me Tangere was published. It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests. El Filibusterismo, his second novel was published on September 18, 1891. It is sadder than his first book. Rizal was not liked by those in power. He showed the bad things done by the priests and the people in the government and this led him and his relatives into trouble. Because of this, he and those who he knew were being watched by the government. They were making up bad things against him. He was put to jail in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892. They said that papers with words he wrote against priests were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong. He was made to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing andbusiness. He also operated and worked in a hospital. He taught the English and Spanish languages and the arts. ————————————————- Later Life and Death. When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast. They were able to get people to say bad things against him and linked him with the war. He was never allowed to talk to these people. Because the Spanish authorities thought he was responsible for the activities of the revolutionaries, he was exiled to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in Mindanao (Southern Philippines). From November 3, 1896, to the date of his death, he was again held at Fort Santiago. In prison, he wrote a poem with no title. It is now called Ultimo Adios and became a famous poem in the Philippines. It expresses the hero’s great love of country as well as that of all Filipinos. After a trial by the military authorities, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of forming illegal association (meeting not allowed by the government). He was executed (punished by killing) by guns fired by soldiers on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. He was 35 years old at the time of his death. His death place is now a national park (now known as Luneta), and a monument has been constructed in his honor.