Chocolate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chocolate - Research Paper Example It assumed a fundamental job in the Aztec and Maya strict and imperial occasions. Cocoa seeds in local America were utilized as a contribution to gods, just as serving chocolate drinks in sacrosanct events. The American pioneers from Europe swelled and improved it through the expansion of milk and refined sugar, two fixings that were not known to the Native Americans. Interestingly, they didn't inject it into their eating regimen, albeit, later, it was coordinated into their pastries and desserts (Drowne and Patrick 27). It was in the eighteenth century that John Cadbury concocted the procedure of emulsification to make strong chocolate, which was the start of the cutting edge chocolate bar. While cocoa was, initially from the Americas, West Africa, today, delivers over 65% of the cocoa on the planet, half of which is planted in Cote separate. The chocolate business in the United States frames some portion of the biggest food and refreshment organizations. They are responsible for th e assembling of cacao beans, the offer of crude chocolate, and the assembling of other chocolate related items (Allen 67). The chocolate business has experienced various changes in both creation and market slants throughout the years, which influence the business in either a positive and negative way. Creation Based on the cocoa crushing reports discharged for cocoa dealers, which was delivered by the NCA in participation with the New York Board of exchange, the granulating in the main quarter added up to 119,022 metric tons - a diminishing of 4.04 percent (5,006 mt) more than 2011. The Unites States advertise on chocolate or candy remains in an insecure position. In North America, there has been a 2% decline since quarter 3 out of 2011 (124,621 metric tons) (Taylor and Akila 43). There is a somewhat diminished interest for chocolate in the market presently which implies the makers need to address where the difficult falsehoods. Cocoa, which began in South America, was first planted in the US province of Hawaii by William Hillenbrand, a German doctor, in 1850. While cocoa was for quite some time considered, as a harvest to be developed in the ranches, the greatest test in the American market has been bringing in cash from it (Taylor and Akila 50). The plant is fit to the atmosphere in Hawaii, in spite of the fact that it is dubious to develop, requiring a ton of skill in chocolate handling. Rivalry with minimal effort makers in South America, Africa, and different nations isn't simple since Hawaii has significant expenses of work and land. Be that as it may, Hawaii cocoa has been demonstrated as a gourmet item for which a purchaser can follow through on premium costs. Nearby cocoa ranchers can likewise pick up included an incentive through the making of homestead visits around the famously romanticized item (Taylor and Akila 50). As of now, dried cocoa seed deals, additionally alluded to as cocoa beans, is assessed at an expense of $200,000 consistently depend ent on creation per section of land evaluated for fifty sections of land, just as a cost of $2.47 dry bean value a pound (Taylor and Akila 52). A lot higher deals can be inferred by those grower who process their item into chocolate at costs of roughly $40 a pound for retail. Industry development, without extension on an estate scale, in the course of the most recent couple of years, has been from little ranches with a couple of these homesteads having preparing plants for their cocoa. Advances in the course of the most recent ten years have expanded the monetary sense in the handling of chocolate from cocoa taking things down a notch sans particular

National Culture Essay

National culture is the worth framework and pride related with a country. Numerous individuals deny their national culture when they move to another area, and grasp the national culture of their new home. Attributes of culture As one would expect, all societies must share a few qualities if ‘’culture’’ is to be separated from different types of conduct. These similitudes between all societies are shockingly not many. A definitive objective of social human sciences is to figure out which qualities all societies share in like manner. Society Right off the bat, all culture must occur through a vehicle of a gathering of individuals, known as a general public. Indeed, even terminated or envisioned societies have social orders to transmit the way of life. As culture can't exist without culture. Different creatures, for example, honey bees or ants, gather into social orders, yet these creatures don't display it culture. However no human culture is without culture. The functionalist school of anthropological idea endeavors to clarify why culture is so crucial to human social orders. Culture of Bangladesh The way of life of Bangladesh has a novel history, going back over 2500 years ago.The land, the streams and the lives of the average citizens framed a rich legacy with stamped contrasts from neighboring locale. The way of life of Bangladesh is composite, and over hundreds of years has absorbed impacts of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Islam. It is showed in different structures, including music, move and dramatization, workmanship and art; fables and folktales; dialects and writing, reasoning and religion. Music, move and dramatization Music and move style of Bangladesh might be separated into three classifications, to be specific, the old style, society and the advanced. The old style has been impacted by other common traditional types of music and move of the Indian subcontinent and in like manner gives a few impacts move structures like bharata natyam and kuchipudi.The people and ancestral music and move of Bangladesh are of indigenous inception and attached to the dirt of Bangladesh. A few moving style in the north-eastern piece of the Indian subcontinent,â like Manipuri and santal moves, are likewise polished in Bangladesh, yet Bangladesh has built up its own unmistakable moving style. Bangladesh has a rich convention people tunes, with verses established into energetic custom and otherworldliness, supernatural quality and commitment. Such society melodies additionally revole cycle a few and different topics, including love subjects. Show stays mainstream in Bangladesh, including exhibitions of playes bye nei ghborhood dramatists just as adjustments from authors of western cause. Jatra, that is society dramatization is additionally a piece of culture of Bangladesh . Pohela Boishakh Pohela Baishakh festivity in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pã'hela Boishakh is the main day of the Bengali schedule. It is normally celebrated on the fourteenth of April. Pohela Boishakh marks the beginning day of the yield season. For the most part on Pã'hela Boishakh, the house is altogether scoured and cleaned; individuals wash promptly toward the beginning of the day and dress in fine garments. They go through a significant part of the day seeing family members, companions, and neighbors and setting off to the reasonable. Fairs are orchestrated in numerous pieces of the nation where different farming items, conventional crafted works, toys, beauty care products, just as different sorts of food and desserts are sold. The fairs additionally give diversion, with artists, artists and conventional plays and melodies. Pony races, bull races, bullfights, cockfights, flying pigeons, and vessel racingwere once well known. All social affairs and fairs comprise a wide spread of Bengali food and desserts. The most brilliant New Year’s Day c elebration happens in Dhaka. Huge quantities of individuals assemble promptly toward the beginning of the day under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat specialists open the day with Rabindranath Tagore’s well known melody, Esho, he Boishakh, esho (Come, year, come, come). A comparable service inviting the new year is additionally held at the Institute of Fine Arts (Dhaka) and University of Dhaka. Understudies and educators of the establishment take out a beautiful parade and march to adjust the grounds. Social and social associations commend the day with social projects. Papers bring out unique enhancements. There are additionally uncommon projects on radio and TV. Preceding this day, exceptional limits on garments, furniture, hardware and different arrangements and shopping limits are accessible. Exceptional line of sarees, normally cotton, white sarees with red print and weaving is sold before this day as everybody spruces up during the current day. Jasmine blossoms are additionally a colossal deal for this eventâ which embellishes the women’s hair. Foundation In 1952, the developing white collar classes of East Bengal experienced an uprising referred to later as the Bangla Language Movement. Bangladeshis (at that point East Pakistanis) were at first fomented by a choice by the Central Pakistan Government to build up Urdu, a minority language spoken distinctly by the alleged exclusive class of West Pakistan, as the sole national language for the entirety of Pakistan. The circumstance was exacerbated by an open announcement that â€Å"Urdu and just Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan† by the representative, Khawaja Nazimuddin. Dissent Police announced Section 144 which prohibited any kind of meeting. Resisting this, the understudies of University of Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College and other political activists began a parade on February 21, 1952. Close to the present Dhaka Medical College Hospital, police terminated on the dissidents and various individuals, including Abdus Salam, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Sofiur Rahman, Abul Bar kat and Abdul Jabbar, passed on. The development spread to the entire of East Pakistan and the entire area halted. A while later, the Government of Pakistan yielded and gave Bengali equivalent status as a national language. Impacts This development is thought to have planted the seeds for the autonomy development which brought about the freedom of Bangladesh in 1971. Recognition To celebrate this development, Shaheed Minar a grave and emblematic figure, was raised in the spot of the slaughter. The day is loved in Bangladesh and, to a to some degree lesser degree, in West Bengal as the Martyrs’ Day. This day is the open occasion in Bangladesh. UNESCO chose to watch 21 February as International Mother Language Day. The UNESCO General Conference took a choice to that produced results on 17 November 1999 when it collectively embraced a draft goals put together by Bangladesh and co-supported and bolstered by 28 different nations. In Assam and North-east India In Silchar, India, eleven individuals were killed by police terminating on 19 May 1961 while fighting enactment that ordered the utilization of the Assamese language.[1] Bengalis in Assam and north-east India watch 19 May as Language Movement Day to recall the 11 Bengalis who were killed on the day by police fire in Silchar Railway Station. Weddings A lady for Turmeric function A conventional wedding is orchestrated by Ghotoks (relational arrangers), who are normally companions or family members of the couple. The relational arrangers encourage the presentation, and furthermore help concur the measure of any settlement. Bengali weddings are generally in five sections: first it is the lady and groom’sMehendi Shondha, the bride’s Gaye Holud, the groom’s Gaye Holud, the Beeya, and the Bou Bhaat. These regularly occur on isolated days. The primary occasion in a wedding is a casual one: the man of the hour presents the lady of the hour with a ring denoting the â€Å"engagement† which is picking up prevalence. For themehendi shondha the bride’s side apply henna to one another just as the lady of the hour for the bride’s Gaye Holud, the groom’s family †aside from the husband to be himself †go in parade to the bride’s home. Bride’s loved ones apply turmeric glue to her body as a piece of Gaye Hoof lady of the hour, and they are generally all in coordinating garments, for the most part orange in shading. The lady of the hour is situated on a dais, and the henna is utilized to enhance the bride’s hands and feet with expound dynamic plans. The desserts are then taken care of to the lady of the hour by completely included, piece by piece. The real wedding function â€Å"Biye† follows the Gaye Holud services. The wedding service is orchestrated by the bride’s family. On the day, the more youthful individuals from the bride’s family blockade the passage to the scene, and request a kind of affirmation charge from the husband to be as a byproduct of permitting him to enter. The lady of the hour and lucky man are situated independently, and a Kazi (approved individual by the govt. to play out the wedding), joined by the guardians and a Wakil (witness) from each side officially approaches the lady of the hour for her agree to the association, and afterward the man of the hour for his. The bride’s side of the family attempts to play a useful joke on the man of the hour, for example, taking the groom’s shoe. The gathering, otherwise called Bou-Bhaat (gathering), is a gathering given by the groom’s family as an end-result of the wedding party. It is regularly a substantially more loose ned up undertaking, with just the second-best wedding outfit being worn. Family members beautifying the husband to be with customary wedding turmeric in a Bangladeshi Gaye Holud service in Dhaka. Engineering and legacy Bangladesh has engaging design from memorable fortunes to contemporary tourist spots. Jatiyo Smriti Soudho, a tribute to freedom war saints is additionally an engineering milestone Sports A cricket coordinate between Bangladesh &India at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium inDhaka, Bangladesh Cricket is the most well known game in Bangladesh, trailed by football. Kabaddi is the national game in Bangladesh. Cricket is a game which has a monstrous and enthusiastic following in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has joined the world class gathering of nations qualified to play Test Cricket since 2000. TheBangladesh national cricket crew passes by the moniker of the Tigers †after the Royal Bengal Tiger. The individuals of Bangladesh appreciate observing live games. At whatever point

Modern Political Ideas Example

Modern Political Ideas Example Modern Political Ideas â€" Assignment Example > Christian democracyIntroductionAt a point in history Protestants and Catholics fought to a standstill. However some of the people still believe that the church and the state can be combined. The ruling parties in some countries are Christian democratic. However, their power remains within the constitution of their country. The issues they champion root from the Christian ideology their party is founded on. Researchers speculate the loss in power of Christian democracies especially on the European continent. The declining power comes at a time of intensified research on the Christian democracies. Christian democracies found their laws, opinions and actions on Christian values. The nineteenth century brought the birth of contemporary Christian parties. As the idea of liberalism popularised, the Catholic Church feared the loss of control of its flock mainly by education. Therefore it formed a party to challenge the liberal party. Two issues evidently resulted from the formation of th e party. The mixture of Christianity and politics remained challenging. Secondly, the Christian approach to politics attracted some individuals. Christian democracy effectively occupied its place after the Second World War. After the war in Europe the Christian parties had a role in repairing the countries. They spearheaded the formation of European Union and helped launch new party systems. By welfare and social security provision they managed to revive the economy. They based the social security on traditional families. Fascism had discredited the traditional nationalist Europeans right. Christian democrats therefore paraded themselves as ant totalitarians and despised godless communism. They branded fascism as a form of materialism and with their spiritualism provided a solution of the past. Several Christian democratic parties have emerged since then. Most Christian democratic parties operate with independence from the founder the Catholic Church. Their success was evident for a period of time. The Italian Christian democracy adopted the labour party as their replica. France, Georges Bidault described Christian democracy as “to govern in the centre, and pursue, by methods of the right, the policies of the left. The Christian democratic are viewed as a third option parallel to socialism and liberalism. Italy, Austria, Germany, Netherlands and Belgium are countries in Europe that have embraced Christian democracy. South America has seen countries such as Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica and El Salvador have electoral success. During the nineteenth century saw the liberalist suffer great electoral losses. Public opinion championed liberalism however they felt the need for Christian values to be the centre of their communities. However it did not last long. For instance; in Germany and Italy, a deal was; struck between the defenders of religion and the economic liberals. The morality and the market had to coexist. The compromise applied for a long time after that. There are fundamental principles that govern Christian principles. This include Christian fundamental values can be achieved by the appreciation that free and constitutional democracy is the only political system. Communism and socialism seemed to be forceful revolutions as opposed to slow improvements to achieve change. Striving for individual happiness and satisfactions well as economic and political self realisation. Responsibility of others and oneself. This combines liberalism, Christian social ethics and the rule of law. The principle of subsidiary. This involved the recognition of shared responsibility and the subjection of authoritarian paternalism to personal responsibility and decentralisation. Submission to the commandment of charity and political reason by solidarity with the weak in society. This required the people to care for the deprived and unfortunate in society.

Introduction to Ancient Stone Debitage

Debitage,  pronounced in English roughly DEB-ih-tahzhs, is an artifact type, the collective term used by archaeologists to refer to the sharp-edged waste material left over when a flintknapper creates a stone tool (that is, knaps flint). The process of making a stone tool is rather like sculpture, in that it involves whittling down a block of stone by removing unwanted pieces until the sculptor/flint knapper achieves the final product. Debitage refers to those unneeded stone fragments. Debitage is the French term for this material, but it is commonly used in the scholarly literature in most other languages, including English. Other terms in English include waste flakes, stone chips, and chipping debris; all of these refer to the stone fragments left over as a waste product created when a worker produces a stone tool. Those terms also refer to chipping debris leftover when a stone tool is repaired or refined. Why is Debitage Interesting? Scholars are interested in the stone flakes left behind by flintknappers for a number of reasons. The pile of debris is the location where stone tool production took place, even if the tool itself was taken away: that alone tells archaeologists about where people lived and worked in the past. The flakes also hold information about the type of stone used to make a stone tool, as well as the technology, the steps taken in the manufacturing process. Some of the waste flakes may be used as tools themselves, to scrape plants or cut meat for example, but by and large, the word debitage refers to those pieces which have not been reused. Whether the flakes were used as a tool or not, debitage accounts for the oldest evidence discovered for human-like behaviors: we know ancient people were making stone tools because we have found purposeful flaking debris even if we dont know what was being made. And as such, they have been recognized as an artifact type since the first decades of the 20th century. Analyzing Debitage Debitage analysis is the systematic study of those chipped stone flakes. The most common study of debitage involves simple (or complex) cataloging of the flakes characteristics, such as source material, length, width, weight, thickness, flaking scars, and the evidence of heat-treatment among many others. Given that there can be thousands or tens of thousands of pieces of debitage from a site, data from all of those flakes definitely qualifies as big data. In addition, analytical studies have attempted to classify the flakes by step in the tool-making process. In general, a stone tool is made by removing the largest pieces first, then the pieces get smaller and smaller as the tool gets refined and shaped. A popular tool-based debitage typology in the late 20th century consisted of categorizing flakes into three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes. These rough categories were thought to reflect a very specific set of flake removal processes: primary flakes were removed from a block of stone first, then secondary, and finally tertiary flakes. Defining those three categories was based on size and the percentage of the cortex (unmodified stone) left on the waste flake. Refitting, putting the stone pieces back together whether simply one flake to another or reconstructing an entire stone tool, was originally quite pain-staking and labor-intensive. More recent tool-based imaging processes have refined and built on this technique considerably. Other Analytical Types One of the problems with debitage analysis is there is just so much debitage. The construction of one tool from a block of stone can produce hundreds if not thousands of waste flakes of all shapes and sizes. As a result, studies of debitage as part of the study of all stone artifacts at a given site are frequently completed using mass analysis techniques. Size grading by using a set of graduated screens to sort debitage is often used. Researchers also sort the flakes into categories on a variety of attributes and then count and weigh the total in each category to estimate types of flaking activities. Piece-plotting of the distribution of debitage has been used, when it can be determined that the scatter of flakes has laid relatively undisturbed since its deposition. That study informs the researcher about the mechanics of flint-working activities. As a parallel study, an experimental reproduction of flint knapping has been used to build a suitable comparison of debitage scatters and production techniques. Microwear analysis is the study of the edge damage and pitting of debitage using a low- or high-power microscope, and it is generally reserved for debitage that has likely been used as a tool. Sources and Recent Studies A great source for information about all types of Lithic Analysis is Roger Graces Stone Age Reference Collection. The late Tony Bakers excellent lithics site  while now outdated still contains buckets of useful information based on his understanding of the mechanical processes he learned in his own flintknapping experiments. Ahler, Stanley A. Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Instead of the Tree. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis. The Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. Eds. Henry, D. O., and George H. Odell. Vol. 1 (1989): 85-118. Print. Andrefsky Jr., William. The Analysis of Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research 17.1 (2009): 65-103. Print. —. The Application and Misapplication of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34.3 (2007): 392-402. Print. Bradbury, Andrew P., and Philip J. Carr. Non-Metric Continuum-Based Flake Analysis. Lithic Technology 39.1 (2014): 20-38. Print. Chazan, Michael. Technological Perspectives on the Upper Paleolithic. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19.2 (2010): 57-65. Print. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America. American Antiquity 72.3 (2007): 585-97. Print. Eren, Metin I., and Stephen J. Lycett. Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental ‘Preferential’ Levallois Flakes Versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS ONE 7.1 (2012): e29273. Print. Frahm, Ellery, et al. Sourcing Geochemically Identical Obsidian: Multiscalar Magnetic Variations in the Gutansar Volcanic Complex and Implications for Palaeolithic Research in Armenia. Journal of Archaeological Science 47.0 (2014): 164-78. Print. Hayden, Brian, Edward Bakewell, and Rob Gargett. The Worlds Longest-Lived Corporate Group: Lithic Analysis Reveals Prehistoric Social Organization near Lillooet, British Columbia. American Antiquity 61.2 (1996): 341-56. Print. Hiscock, Peter. Quantifying the Size of Artefact Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 29.3 (2002): 251-58. Print. Pirie, Anne. Constructing Prehistory: Lithic Analysis in the Levantine Epipaleolithic. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10.3 (2004): 675-703. Print. Shea, John J. The Middle Stone Age Archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: Excavations, Lithic Assemblages, and Inferred Patterns of Early Homo Sapiens Behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008): 448-85. Print. Shott, Michael J. The Quantification Problem in Stone Tool Assemblages. American Antiquity 65.4 (2000): 725-38. Print. Sullivan, Alan P. III, and Kenneth C. Rozen. Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 50.4 (1985): 755-79. Print. Wallace, Ian J., and John J. Shea. Mobility Patterns and Core Technologies in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1293-309. Print. Williams, Justin P., and William Andrefsky Jr. Debitage Variability among Multiple Flint Knappers. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.4 (2011): 865-72. Print.

European Justification of Colonization of Asia and Africa...

The principle justification offered by the Europeans for their colonization of Asia Africa was the moral and technological superiority of the western world. As the Europeans saw it, the spread of the European way of life would substantially increase living standards for the colonized. While economic reasons were obviously the primary impetus for colonial expansion, the Europeans believed that they were not only improving the natives’ conditions, but they were saving their mortal souls by bringing Christianity to them. Over time, the technologically advanced way of life came to be associated with Europe, and with Europeans. This is the cause of the racist and social Darwinist undertones in the documents. First, Europeans use†¦show more content†¦The second justification is the welfare of the colonized nation. According to the majority of the documents given, assimilation into the world economy boosted the economy of the colonized nation, thus increasing the gener al well-being in said nation. Additionally, the colonizing nation would spread new technology, including things like medicine and agricultural technology. Of course, the colonizer would not just hand out life saving technology and then leave. Usually, the colonized nation would use the new technology under the supervision of the colonizer. The example of India proves this point. India benefited greatly from industrialization, which was brought about by the British. However, when the British discovered that India’s industrialization would cut them off from valuable raw materials, they halted the industrialization process, leaving India in very bad shape. If the British had allowed India to industrialize, the world would probably be a very different place today. Document 3 shows a cartoon that illustrates the point above. 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Before the Age of ReasonRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesimperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potential markets for industrial products * Political motives * Strategic purpose: harbors and supply stations for industrial nations * Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions * Cultural justifications of imperialism * Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia * Civilizing missionRead MoreThe And Its Effects On Africa1550 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"In time, we shall be in a position to bestow on Africa the greatest possible gift - a more human face.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Steve Biko. The continent that the rest of the world looks down upon is struggling for a different reason than you may think. 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Commoners did not question those inRead MoreThe s People, By Jared Diamond s Guns, Germs, And Steel : The Fates Of Human1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiamond goes on to explain why and how Australia and New Guinea became to be seen as â€Å"backward† states. Diamond explains that although there was a rise in population due to the development of agriculture, they were unable to progress as much as Europeans due to biological and geographical factors. Biographical factors in New Guinea included lack of protein from crops, few animals to do labor, and no epidemic diseases to keep away invaders. In Australia, the nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle causedRead MoreThe s People, Jared Diamond s Guns, Germs, And Steel : The Fates Of Human Societies1634 Words   |  7 PagesDiamond goes on to explain why and how Australia and New Guinea became to be seen as â€Å"backward† states. Diamond explains that although there was a rise in population due to the development of agriculture, they were unable to progress as much as Europeans due to biological and geographical factors. Biographical factors in New Guinea included lack of protein from crops, few animals to do labor, and no epidemic diseases to keep away invaders. In Australia, the nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle causedRead MoreThe s People, By Jared Diamond s Guns, Germs, And Steel : The Fates Of Human1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiamond goes on to explain why and how Australia and New Guinea became to be seen as â€Å"backward† states. Diamond explains that although there was a rise in population due to the development of agriculture, they were unable to progress as much as Europeans due to biological and geographical factors. Biographical factors in New Guinea included lack of protein from crops, few animals to do labor, and no epidemic diseases to keep away invaders. In Australia, the nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle causedRead MoreThe And Its Effects On The Culture1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main character, Okonkwo, has to live his life in this sort of reality, is the perfect showcase. While Okonkwo is exiled, Umuofia is under this shadow of colonialistic power from Europeans. The ideas that are forced upon the culture can be put under that category of formidable violence. The tactics of the Europeans can be portrayed, â€Å"†¦the Reverend James Smith †¦ was a different kind of man. He condemned openly†¦ he saw things in black and white. Sand black was evil. He saw the world as a battlefieldRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferentiation is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous, and there is no justifi cation for racial discrimination, in theory or in practice, anywhere. In history, racism was a driving force behind conquest and the Transatlantic slave trade, and behind states based on racial segregation such as the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid. Practices and ideologies of racism are universally condemned by the United NationsRead MoreWhy Was Africa Colonised?1882 Words   |  8 Pageswas Africa colonised in the years 1870-1914? The Colonization of Africa was due to a wide range of factors, not only economic and political but also for social, religious, humanitarian and technological reasons, which differed from country to country. Africa’s diplomatic, strategic and material potential led European Powers to seize the opportunity to exploit a new continent. During a period between 1870 and 1914, where the continent of Africa was completely annexed by the leading European powers:

CAPM’s Contribution to the Stock Market Free Essays

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a mathematical, analytical formula to help investors make the wisest decisions on the stock market. Before purchasing a common stock, an investor may use the CAPM (a mathematical formula) to estimate its expected returns. The Model may be used for all kinds of assets. We will write a custom essay sample on CAPM’s Contribution to the Stock Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now In brief, the CAPM helps to explain â€Å"the relationship between the risk of a particular asset or stock, its market price, and the expected return to the investor (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM,† 2007). By using CAPM as a tool to project expected returns from stocks, investors automatically affect the demand and prices of stocks sold on the market. The CAPM starts out with the assumption that there are two kinds of risks that must be assessed before an investment decision is made. Systematic risk includes risks facing the market as a whole and that cannot be dampened through portfolio diversification. Examples of systematic risks include rates of interest and economic slumps (McClure, 2008). While systematic risks must affect all stocks at the same time, unsystematic risks or specific risks are risks that are â€Å"specific to individual stocks and can be diversified away as the investor increases the number of stocks in his or her portfolio (McClure). † Of course, good investors are well-versed in investment theories such as the modern portfolio theory, which clearly states that diversification cannot resolve the issue of systematic risks, although specific risks may be easily handled by diversifying an investment portfolio. CAPM was developed as a way to address the issues raised by the modern portfolio theory. This Model is a tool to measure systematic risks as well (McClure). The Risk Glossary explains the importance of estimating systematic risk before the formula for measuring such risk is described: According to CAPM, the marketplace compensates investors for taking systematic risk but not for taking specific risk. This is because specific risk can be diversified away. When an nvestor holds the market portfolio, each individual asset in that portfolio entails specific risk, but through diversification, the investor’s net exposure is just the systematic risk of the market portfolio. Systematic risk can be measured using beta. According to CAPM, the expected return of a stock equals the risk-free rate plus the portfolio’s beta multiplied by the expected excess return of the market portfolio. Specifically, let and be random variables for the simple returns of the stock and the market ove r some specified period. Let be the known risk-free rate, also expressed as a simple return, and let be the stock’s beta. Then where E denotes an expectation (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model,† 1996). The formula of CAPM is considered its conclusion (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). To put it simply, the formula states that â€Å"excess expected return† of a stock is dependent on the beta of the stock rather than the stock’s volatility (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). The same can be stated for an investment portfolio. Another way to explain the formula is that â€Å"the stock’s excess expected return over the risk-free rate equals its beta times the market’s expected excess return over the risk free rate (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). † Or, excess expected return from a stock is dependent on systematic risk rather than the total of risks (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). As suggested previously, by knowing the beta and expected returns for a certain stock or asset, investors are able to bid up or down its price. Expected returns are adjusted so long as the formula has not been satisfied. Thus, the Capital Asset Pricing Model ends up predicting the equilibrium price of a stock or asset. One of the assumptions of the model is that all investors agree on the expected return of certain stock or asset as well as the beta. Although this assumption is unrealistic, the CAPM is believed to affect the stock market by urging investors to raise the demand for particular assets or stocks as compared to others, based on the information they obtain through the use of the Model (â€Å"Capital Asset Pricing Model†). Apart from the unrealistic assumption of CAPM mentioned above, there are other problems with the Model that experts have identified by way of research. As an example, Eugene Fama and Kenneth French, upon considering expected returns on the American Stock Exchange, Nasdaq and the New York Stock Exchange for a period of 27 years, found that the differences of beta do not consistently describe the performance of stocks (McClure). McClure reports that the study conducted by Fama and French is not the only one that raised doubts about the validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model. A major problem with the Model is the fact that beta cannot be used as a sure predictor of the reaction of stocks to various changes. All the same, the CAPM continues to be used by countless investors around the globe (McClure). In other words, beta continues to affect investment decisions that run the stock market day after day. References Capital Asset Pricing Model. (1996). Risk Glossary. Retrieved Nov 4, 2008, from http://www.riskglossary.com/link/capital_asset_pricing_model.htm. Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM. (2007). Money Zine. Retrieved Nov 4, 2008, from http://www.money-zine.com/Investing/Stocks/Capital-Asset-Pricing-Model-or-CAPM/. McClure, B. (2008). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: An Overview. Investopedia. Retrieved Nov 4, 2008, from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/06/CAPM.asp. How to cite CAPM’s Contribution to the Stock Market, Papers

The Early Middle

West European Studies Feudalism refers to military and political practices in medieval Europe that occurred amid the 19TH century and 15th century. Sacking of Rome by Visigoths resulted to feudalism in Europe. This spearheaded (Brown, Elizabeth 1065) the Romans living in Europe to move back to their native land abandoning the land in Europe without organisation as well as Roman centralisation system. Disintegration of Europe following the Roman power exit gradually led to Feudalism systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initial feudalism components occurred in Germany and France in the ninth and tenth centuries. Roman regime elements were taken to military and political practices. Furthermore, Roman villas alongside their property were given to leaders of the military temporarily in return to their loyalty both to the emperor and to Rome (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 229). Traditionally, Romans ensured personal security from peasants who were submissive with considerable power to engage in warfare. Hence, Europeans assumed this arrangement by escalating European noble power from the king’s land grants in return of the services provided by the military. This resulted to the development of Feudalism. Manorialism on the other hand refers to an important component of feudal community which entailed the principles used in organizing economy in the rural that was born in the medieval villa system .It was largely used in central and Western Europe and gradually replaced by market economies based on use of money including agrarian contracts. This was based on vesting of the lords with both economic and legal power with regard to their power of holding large pieces of land including their legal responsibility to hold and care for the peasant persons in their area of jurisdiction. T he obligation could be paid through different means such as cash money or in kind (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 236). The manors were founded on Roman empires agricultural estates as well as the new land segmentations formed by founding medieval kings. For instance, they existed in Mediterranean areas such as Islamic and Byzantine. During Carolingian empire, manors in Western Europe formed a distinct structure of lords and serfs that were significant in medieval period. Nearly all the manors comprised of homes belonging to the Lords in addition to exterior buildings like mills and barns as well as a minimum of one village in which peasant farmers lived and worked. Peasants depended wholly on crops tilled from the little spaces they owned. Serfs on the other hand tended their herds of cattle including the working horses, goats and sheep. They used large herds of animals for ploughing more so in the heavy northern Europe clay soils.Advertising Looking for essay on history? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Feudal and manors had some ties which resulted from the coming of war. During the 8th century Carolingian nobles started developing common contracts that held individuals jointly in relationships that were personal (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis 233). The structures were modified tying Germany tribes together. Modern West judges a community with regard to the freedom accorded to its citizens whilst in the middle societal order was based on connections as opposed to the extent of freedom. Hence every person from the less fortunate to the lords was tied to some people either inferior or superior to them in mutual obligation contractual systems. Never the less, the responsibility failed to exhibit equality instead everyone had stipulated commitments to other person. Each individual in the society was supposed to adhere to a hierarchy of rules and regulations in that society (Salisbury, Joyce Sherman Dennis 231). The hierarchy did not arise from rational planning but rather in gradually developed over many centuries .The chaos during this century perpetuated the development of the relationship between the manors and the feudal. The feudal and manor bonds were plastic since they were based on individuals, place and time. The relationship kept the society from shattering during the 19th century decentralization and invasions. The invasions were expected to arise from each side for instance Saracens emanating from the northern part of Africa invading Mediterranean region thus bring disruption to commerce and sacking the Romans in 846. Another invasion would emanate from Magyars coming from Eastern Europe and pitching their tents in the valley of Danube in 895 invading Italy, Germany and France for fifty years. The invasions gave rise to a dark age full of barbaric and violent customs. For instance, Christianity was then pt to task to help convert Vikings in to a people that are ci vilized. Works Cited Brown, Elizabeth. â€Å"The tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Mediaval Europe.† American History Review 79.1974 (1980): 1063-1068. Salisbury, Joyce Sherman, Dennis. The West in the World. London: Mcgraw-Hill Higher Street, 2004.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Early Middle- ages, the Development of Feudalism and Manorialism was written and submitted by user Rodolfo Patterson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.